ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS FOR THE URBAN PLANNING OF MOSCOW Abstract. Town planning is aimed at improving the quality of life by ensuring the rational use of territories of their socio-economic and natural resources. Solution of environmental problems

Town planning is aimed at improving the quality of life by ensuring the rational use of territories of their socio-economic and natural resources. Solution of environmental problems 1 M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Geography, Department of Environmental Management, Moscow, 119991, Russia, Associate Professor; e-mail: tvorobyova@yandex.ru. 2 GPBU «Mosecomonitoring», Moscow, 119019, Russia, leading analyst; e-mail: eletto@mail.ru.

Introduction.Intensive urban development and economic development lead to functional planning changes in the city.Comprehensive study of the existing use and the ecological state of the urban environment needed for making decision to optimize the urban space.The Study can detect the negative effects of human impact and solve social and economic problems of intra-space.Making cities environmentally healthful places in which to live, work and play is a growing concern throughout the world.The focus of much of this concern is on ways to measure and manage the environmental spill overs of one urban function on other urban activities [Vorobyova T.A, 2006].Some of the most dangerous and annoying spill overs result from manufacturing activities and transport.These impacts are most acute for residential areas and other environmentally sensitive urban functions.[Urban environmental planning…, 2005] Our study aimed to analyse the ecological state of the natural components of the urban environment, including the pollution of air, soil, water bodies, vegetation and noise exposure.The obtained data were the basis for the creation of an overall assessment of the ecological state of the Southern Administrative District of Moscow.
Material and research methods.The research is based on environmental monitoring data for all natural environments of the city, which include both automated data from the stations of air pollution control and natural sites of permanent observation survey of soil, water bodies and vegetation.This information has been Added to GIS (ArcGis 9.3), which were constructed spatial maps of ecological state of the area (fig.1).Outdoor air pollution was based on traffic flows and settlement patterns of concentration of harmful substances.
Same since 2010 the Moscow State Budgetary Environmental Institution «Mosecomonitoring» maintains the database of resident`s complaints integrated to the environmental GIS of Moscow.The incoming complaints are classified by types.Certain dot layers show resident`s complaints on ambient air quality, water pollution, noise discomfort or a set of issues of residents` concern.The mobile analytical laboratory makes on-site assessment of the situation for each complaint.The data on excess of maximum allowable concentration or standards, if any, enter an attributive table of GIS base layer.During analysis of resident`s complaints natural and functional peculiarities of the area is taking into consideration.At that it should be identied a pattern of anthropogenic objects distribution and environmental risk sources in accordance to the applicant`s (complainant`s) address [Zakharova P.V., 2013].
Geographic information system (GIS) is a one of the up-to-date and the most fast-growing tools for urban environmental research.The main task of the methods of modelling, remote sensing and geo-information technologies is to support urban environment quality management, especially decision-making process with the aim to enhance environmental safety of the population.Analysis of the current environmental situation along with inferring of cause-efect relations between natural environments, socio-economic conditions and public health depend mostly on informational support [Mogosova N.N, 2013].
The area of the research is located in the south of the city.Due to its social and planning features -high population density, large territory occupied by industrial plants, location between two major highways -this part of city was included in the «zone of development» with purposes of ecological and social infrastructure improvement.
The socio-ecological assessment of the urban area within the developing zone carried out on the ground of the GIS, developed and compiled by the authors.
For the purposes of the detailed study area was developed structure and content of the social and environmental GIS UZR.It includes a database and a set of analytical and synthetic electronic maps to 6 thematic blocks.Each block was divided into subtypes that characterize the functional planning, demographic and ecological characteristics of the territory.The basis for mapping served as the «Unified State cartographic basis of Moscow» in the scale of 1:10 000.There were created 40 thematic maps and digital layers 60 on a scale of 1:20 000 to 1:40 000.Results.Dedicated urban development areas are directed not only to the creation of large public centers, but also to eliminate the unevenness in the distribution of social infrastructure.Objects of social infrastructure of the study area in the form of administrative and business, education and training, trade and domestic, cultural, educational, sports and recreational and therapeutic types account for about 10% of the total area.Industrial facilities occupy large areas of about 23% (930 ha) area.These areas may serve as a source for the development of both social systems, and recreational facilities.The largest area facilities located on the territory of Nagatino Gardeners and Tsaritsyno (about 30% of the total area).Within the boundaries of sanitary protection zones of some enterprises posted a number of residential areas and areas of protected areas.
As a result of the ranking by summing the scores comprehensive assessment of the social discomfort of the territory was carried out.The greatest social discomfort was detected in the district Nagatino where social standards are not met for most of the studied parameters.According to the severity of social problems can also distinguish the northern part of the district Tsaritsyno and Chertanovo North.
Transport and communication system of the city -one of the main sources of environmental pollution.The peculiarity of its impact is expressed in linear forms, linked to transportation and communications facilities.The impact of transport on the nature manifests it-self mainly in bringing the liquid, solid and gaseous substances with high chemical activity and toxicity, as well as in noise pollution.
The highest density of traffic in there on the main radial highways connecting the centre to peripheral areas.At the Kashira and Warsaw highway of cars reaches 12 thousand per hour.Kashirskoye separated from the Warsaw highway just north of the intersection of Nakhimov Avenue and at a considerable angle in areas to the south and southeast.

INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ESSESSMENT OF URBAN PLANNING AREA
Here MPC short term exceeded 2-3 times of nitrogen dioxide and 3-4 times for carbon monoxide.Moreover, if the nitrogen dioxide concentration in the centre of the intersection are reduced and do not exceed the limit ratios, the carbon monoxide remains on the high level of 1.2 MPCs short term (fig.2).A special noise exposure prone areas with the residential area adjacent to the territories in the area of Warsaw and Kashira highway.Here, the distance to the standard levels of noise can be up to 300-400 meters.

Fig. 2. Air pollution
Public areas accounts for only 9.71% of the total area, while residential areas are located at 31%.A similar imbalance is observed when comparing the recreational areas.Large areas of industrial facilities occupy about 23%.They can partially serve as a source of additional areas for development, as a social and recreational potential.
This evaluation of the state of soil, vegetation, water bodies, noise discomfort and air pollution allowed to allocate 5 gradations of environmental stress on the territory favourable to critical.The critical level of pollution (pollution index of more than 150), apply to industrial sites, located in the northern part of the region.Areas with intense levels of pollution are more differentiated (125 to 150).This is the first residential development sites along major highways (fig.3).

Conclusion:
Analysis of synthetic maps created on a comprehensive assessment of the ecological state of the territory and the assessment of the social infrastructure allowed for the differentiation of the territory on the various living conditions.As a result, it was revealed the number of residents living in areas with intense and critical environmental conditions and in conditions of insufficient availability of social infrastructure, which accounted for 25% of the total population South zone.In satisfactory environmental conditions 23% of the population lives in poor -about 40%, however, from the perspective of the development of social infrastructure, they can be in different environments -from friendly to the poor.And only 12% of the population lives in a relatively favourable social and ecological conditions.Improving the quality of living standards due to the formation of the South zone of community centers, resulting in the need to be changes in the structure of the functional zoning.These changes should take place in places of the greatest social and environmental discomfort and be aimed at the reduction and reorganization of the area of industrial zones and creating in their place of public facilities and natural and recreational areas.
Changes in the structure of functional zoning should be held in places of the greatest social discomfort, and should be aimed to reorganization of industrial territories and increasing public facilities and recreational territories.
Residential or public buildings subject to strong anthropogenic pressures need to use a set of measures as landscape planning and managerial issues.Such measures may include the first increase in woody vegetation cover, which creates a natural barrier to contaminants and noise exposure, and increase the level of self-purification of the environment.
Integrated environmental assessment of the urban area is an integral part of urban planning.It allows for the implementation of the master plan of the city in terms of environmental and urban planning requirements with the use of economic, legal and administrative mechanisms, including measures to reduce the impact on the environment, rehabilitation of natural areas thereby positively affecting the quality of life of the population of the city.Введение.Для урбанизированных территорий характерно загрязнение почвенного покрова тяжелыми металлами, распространение которого является крайне неравномерным, отражая распределение техногенной нагрузки на ландшафты в настоящем и прошлом.В связи с высокой плотностью населения на территории Санкт-Петербурга оценка экологической безопасности почв и устойчивости их экологического функционирования приобретает особую значимость.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.The structure of the complex environmental assessment of urban area Socio-environmental analysis of the study area was conducted at 180 sites, which served as the basis for the administrative divisions and functional zoning.Differentiation of the territory on the various living conditions has been completed based on analysis of the ecological and social infrastructure [Mogosova N.N., Vorobyova T.A, 2014].

Fig. 3 .
Fig. 3.The complex environmental map of part of South Administrative District of Moscow The biggest anomaly of soil pollution recorded in the north-western part of the projected area corresponds to the position of 3 industrial zones «Upper boilers», «Nagatino», «Kolomenskoye», an area of over 249 hectares.A special noise exposure prone areas with the residential area adjacent to the territories in the area of Warsaw and Kashira highway.Here, the distance to the standard levels of noise can be up to 300-400 meters.

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Zakharova P.V., Mogosova N.N.Geographic Information tech-nologies in the course of state environmental monitoring in Moscow.The VII International Conference «Remote Sensingthe Synergy of High Technologies», Moscow, 2013.